Curved traversable wormholes in (3+1)-dimensional spacetime

Abstract

We present the general method of constructing curved traversable wormholes in (3+1)-d spacetime and proceed to thoroughly discuss the physics of a zero tidal force metric without cross-terms. The (3+1)-d solution is compared with the recently studied lower-dimensional counterpart, where we identify that the much richer physics—involving pressures and shear forces of the mass-energy fluid supporting the former—is attributed to the mixing of all three spatial coordinates. Our (3+1)-d universe is the lowest dimension where such nontrivial terms appear. An explicit example, the static zero tidal force (3+1)-d catenary wormhole is analysed and we show the existence of a geodesic through it supported locally by non-exotic matter, similar to the (2+1)-d version. A key difference is that positive mass-energy is used to support the entire (3+1)-d catenary wormhole, though violation of the null energy condition in certain regions is inevitable. This general approach of first constructing the geometry of the spacetime and then using the field equations to determine the physics to support it has the potential to discover new solutions in general relativity or to generalise existing ones. For instance, the metric of a time-evolving inflationary wormhole with a conformal factor can actually be geometrically constructed using our method.