Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/145301
Title: Progress and status of hydrometallurgical and direct recycling of Li-ion batteries and beyond
Authors: Larouche, François
Tedjar, Farouk
Amouzegar, Kamyab
Houlachi, Georges
Bouchard, Patrick
Demopoulos, George P.
Zaghib, Karim
Keywords: Engineering::Materials
Issue Date: 2020
Source: Larouche, F., Tedjar, F., Amouzegar, K., Houlachi, G., Bouchard, P., Demopoulos, G. P., & Zaghib, K. (2020). Progress and status of hydrometallurgical and direct recycling of Li-ion batteries and beyond. Materials, 13(3), 801-. doi:10.3390/ma13030801
Journal: Materials 
Abstract: An exponential market growth of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been observed in the past 20 years; approximately 670,000 tons of LIBs have been sold in 2017 alone. This trend will continue owing to the growing interest of consumers for electric vehicles, recent engagement of car manufacturers to produce them, recent developments in energy storage facilities, and commitment of governments for the electrification of transportation. Although some limited recycling processes were developed earlier after the commercialization of LIBs, these are inadequate in the context of sustainable development. Therefore, significant efforts have been made to replace the commonly employed pyrometallurgical recycling method with a less detrimental approach, such as hydrometallurgical, in particular sulfate-based leaching, or direct recycling. Sulfate-based leaching is the only large-scale hydrometallurgical method currently used for recycling LIBs and serves as baseline for several pilot or demonstration projects currently under development. Conversely, most project and processes focus only on the recovery of Ni, Co, Mn, and less Li, and are wasting the iron phosphate originating from lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Although this battery type does not dominate the LIB market, its presence in the waste stream of LIBs causes some technical concerns that affect the profitability of current recycling processes. This review explores the current processes and alternative solutions to pyrometallurgy, including novel selective leaching processes or direct recycling approaches.
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/145301
ISSN: 1996-1944
DOI: 10.3390/ma13030801
Research Centres: Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N) 
Rights: © 2020 The Authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Fulltext Permission: open
Fulltext Availability: With Fulltext
Appears in Collections:ERI@N Journal Articles

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