A preliminary path planning algorithm for the last-mile delivery by an unmanned aerial vehicle in urban town areas

Abstract

The applications by means of drones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasing in areas from military to industry, commercial, and civil. Examples of applications include surveillance, photography, agriculture, and parcel delivery. Increasing applications results in more people will experience drones in their daily lives. However, not all people are comfortable with the drones around them, this is especially true in terms of urban last mile (LM) drone delivery, people tend to get annoyed when noisy drones pass by their window. This paper presents a novel 3D path planning algorithm that is applicable to the last mile (LM) delivery in an urban environment. The algorithm is called the modified Jump Point Search (MJPS) algorithm. It is developed based on the original Jump Point Search (JPS) and combined with the A* search algorithm. The result of the MJPS algorithm shows an obstacle-free path with reduced residences’ perceived annoyance due to drone operation noise and operational risk. It can be used as a way to increase public acceptance for drone operations in close vicinity of their neighborhood.