Improving photoelectrochemical activity of ZnO/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructure through Ag nanoparticle integration

Abstract

In solar energy harvesting using solar cells and photocatalysts, the photoexcitation of electrons and holes in semiconductors is the first major step in the solar energy conversion. The lifetime of carriers, a key factor determining the energy conversion and photocatalysis efficiency, is shortened mainly by the recombination of photoexcited carriers. We prepared and tested a series of ZnO/TiO₂-based heterostructures in search of designs which can extend the carrier lifetime. Time-resolved pho-toluminescence tests revealed that, in ZnO/TiO₂ core–shell structure the carrier lifetime is extended by over 20 times comparing with the pure ZnO nanorods. The performance improved further when Ag nanoparticles were integrated at the ZnO/TiO₂ interface to construct a Z-scheme structure. We utilized these samples as photoanodes in a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell and analyzed their solar water splitting performances. Our data showed that these modifications significantly enhanced the PEC per-formance. Especially, under visible light, the Z-scheme structure generated a photocurrent density 100 times higher than from the original ZnO samples. These results reveal the potential of ZnO-Ag-TiO₂ nanorod arrays as a long-carrier-lifetime structure for future solar energy harvesting applications.