Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/160884
Title: Adsorption and reaction mechanisms of direct palladium synthesis by ALD using Pd(hfac)₂ and ozone on Si (100) surface
Authors: Cheng, Chunyu
Zou, Yiming
Li, Jiahui
Ong, Amanda Jiamin
Goei, Ronn
Huang, Jingfeng
Li, Shuzhou
Tok, Alfred Iing Yoong
Keywords: Engineering::Materials
Issue Date: 2021
Source: Cheng, C., Zou, Y., Li, J., Ong, A. J., Goei, R., Huang, J., Li, S. & Tok, A. I. Y. (2021). Adsorption and reaction mechanisms of direct palladium synthesis by ALD using Pd(hfac)₂ and ozone on Si (100) surface. Processes, 9(12), 2246-. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122246
Project: SERC A1983c0032 
Journal: Processes 
Abstract: Palladium nanoparticles made by atomic layer deposition (ALD) normally involve formaldehyde or H2 as a reducing agent. Since formaldehyde is toxic and H2 is explosive, it is advantageous to remove this reducing step during the fabrication of palladium metal by ALD. In this work we have successfully used Pd(hfac)2 and ozone directly to prepare palladium nanoparticles, without the use of reducing or annealing agents. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to explore the reaction mechanisms of palladium metal formation in this process. DFT results show that Pd(hfac)2 dissociatively chemisorbed to form Pd(hfac)* and hfac* on the Si (100) surface. Subsequently, an O atom of the ozone could cleave the C–C bond of Pd(hfac)* to form Pd* with a low activation barrier of 0.46 eV. An O atom of the ozone could also be inserted into the hfac* to form Pd(hfac-O)* with a lower activation barrier of 0.29 eV. With more ozone, the C–C bond of Pd(hfac-O)* could be broken to produce Pd* with an activation barrier of 0.42 eV. The ozone could also chemisorb on the Pd atom of Pd(hfac-O)* to form O3-Pd(hfac-O)*, which could separate into O-Pd(hfac-O)* with a high activation barrier of 0.83 eV. Besides, the activation barrier was 0.64 eV for Pd* that was directly oxidized to PdOx by ozone. Based on activation barriers from DFT calculations, it was possible to prepare palladium without reducing steps when ALD conditions were carefully controlled, especially the ozone parameters, as shown by our experimental results. The mechanisms of this approach could be used to prepare other noble metals by ALD without reducing/annealing agents.
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/160884
ISSN: 2227-9717
DOI: 10.3390/pr9122246
Schools: School of Materials Science and Engineering 
Rights: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
Fulltext Permission: open
Fulltext Availability: With Fulltext
Appears in Collections:MSE Journal Articles

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