Ultrasensitive detection of heavy metal ions with scalable singular phase thin film optical coatings

Abstract

Identification of spectroscopically silent heavy-metal ions in environmental and bio-analytical samples has gained immense importance. Lowering the limit of detection of these ions at low concentrations is crucial for biomedicine and food safety applications. Optical chemical sensors have shown great potential in improving the sensing solutions for heavy-metal ions because of their fast and label-free detection capabilities. However, achieving high sensitivity without compromising on scalability and simplicity is challenging. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the detection of heavy metal ions at ultralow concentrations using lithography-free scalable thin film optical coatings that show singular behavior of phase of light at the point-of-darkness. Since the phase-sensitive optical techniques have shown superior sensitivity over traditional sensing techniques based on spectroscopy, we use this extreme phase change to detect zinc ions concentration down to femtomolar. In particular, it allows us to monitor very small changes in refractive index due to the real-time binding of zinc ions on a poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) functionalized sensor surface. This cost-effective extreme sensitivity sensing platform can be used for the label-free detection of various heavy metal ions by properly functionalizing the sensor surface.