理学“内外观”的形成与体现及其对宋代女性的影响 = The formation and manifestation of the Confucian concept of "inner and outer" and its impact on women in the Song Dynasty

Abstract

本文将梳理中国历史中对于性别意义上“内”与“外”概念的来源，从“内”与“外”和阴阳的联系、从而得出“内”与“外”对于男女居位以及角色分工的影响，总结出宋士大夫对这些经典的阐释与延续。并从 “修身、齐家、治国、平天下”的理念，理解到宋儒强调“齐家”对于“治国”的必要性，从而理解“男女分别”在“内”与“外”的关系下所延伸出的社会伦常秩序。同时通过家法与女性墓志铭的观察，从中描摹出的宋代理学家对于两性行为规范的理想面貌。本文理解到理论本身存在着的模糊界限，不仅内外之间存在着灵活的界限，也有士族女性“立于屏后”这样的特殊现象。从阶级角度了解到“内外观”在劳动阶层薄弱的渗透，明白“礼不下庶人”对于教化理念在社会中落实的限制性。并以士族阶级女性在不同公共事业中的无私奉献，明白“修身、齐家、治国”的理念并非只能男性独有，从中得出理想的模范与现实的实践之间存在着差距的结论。 This paper will examine the origin of the concept of "inner" and "outer" in gender meaning in Chinese history, exploring the connection between "inner" and "outer" and the concept of yin(阴) and yang(阳), and the impact of "inner" and "outer" on the status and role division of men and women, to summarize the interpretations and continuations of these classics by Song scholars. Through the concept of "self-cultivation, family harmony, governing the country, and bringing peace to the world," we understand the emphasis of Song Confucianism on the necessity of "family harmony" for "governing the country," and the social moral order extended from the relationship between "inner" and "outer" in terms of gender differences. By observing family laws and epitaphs of women, we can outline the ideal norms of sexual behavior prescribed by Song scholars. The paper acknowledges the blurred boundaries of the theory, with flexible boundaries between inner and outer, and special phenomena such as noblewomen "standing behind the screen." From a class perspective, we understand the penetration of "inner and outer" in the laboring class, and the limitations of the implementation of the educational concept due to the restriction of "rites do not descend to commoners" in society. By examining the selfless dedication of noblewomen in various public affairs, we understand that the concept of "self-cultivation, family harmony, governing the country" is not exclusive to men, thus conclude that there is a gap between ideal models and practical realities.