何谓现实？怎样革命？——重探战后马华左翼文学思潮 (1945-1965) = Reality and revolution: a study of post-war Malayan Chinese left-wing literary trends (1945-1965)

Abstract

二战后，马来亚政治风云变幻，马华左翼积极介入其间，同时在马华文学场域异军突起，以文学论争和文学运动作为文化变革手段，观照社会“现实”的更迭和“革命”理念的嬗变，从而在文学思潮的激荡中展开权力话语的交锋。其中，以“马华文艺独特性”与“侨民文艺”论争、反黄运动、“爱国主义”文学思潮尤为显著，持久且深刻地影响了马华文学的发展轨迹。然而，既有研究对于这三场马华文学思潮学理化梳理、脉络构建及历史定位尚显不足。准此，本研究聚焦于上述三场文学思潮，以“现实”与“革命”为双重视角，剖析马华左翼如何在不同历史时期建构“现实”话语、形塑“革命”理念，并间接参与马来亚政治变革。 这三场文学思潮分别根植于与战后初期马华社会本土认同转向、五十年代英政府调整华校政策、以及新马独立建国的历史节点，马华左翼以敏锐的政治嗅觉和强烈的社会责任观照马来亚现实，自觉建构文学理论话语体系，促进了马华现实主义的发展。在此过程中，亦映射出革命观念的演变轨迹：从对“马来亚革命”的多元想象，到“反黄运动”的革命实践，再到放逐“革命”、步入后革命氛围。三场文学思潮回应各时期政治诉求，实现文学与政治的交织互动。 本研究通过广泛发掘战后二十年新马地区左翼文化阵地的历史资料，收集并整理与三场思潮紧密相关的文论、社论等原始文献；在此基础上，结合话语分析、文化政治理论、文化冷战视角、后殖民研究等多重视野，审视并揭示马华左翼在复杂历史语境下的艰难探索与变迁历程。

In the post-World War II era, the political landscape of Malaya underwent significant transformations. The Malayan Chinese left actively engaged in these shifts, emerging as a formidable force in the realm of Malayan Chinese literature. They employed literary debates and movements as means of cultural transformation, reflecting on the changing social realities and evolving revolutionary ideologies, thereby engaging in a power discourse. Notably, the debates on the uniqueness of Malayan Chinese literature versus diaspora literature, the Anti-Yellow Movement, and the patriotic literary trend profoundly and enduringly influenced the trajectory of Malayan Chinese literature. However, existing research has inadequately systematized, contextualized, and historically positioned these three literary trends. Therefore, this study focuses on these three literary trends, analyzing how the Malayan Chinese left constructed the discourses of Reality and shaped revolutionary ideologies in different historical periods from the dual perspectives of Reality and Revolution, thereby indirectly participating in Malayan political changes. These three literary trends were rooted in significant historical junctures: the turn of local identity in the Malayan Chinese society in the early post-war period, the British colonial government's policy adjustments towards Chinese schools in the 1950s, and the independence of Malaysia and Singapore. With acute political awareness and a strong sense of social responsibility, the Malayan Chinese left consciously constructed a literary theoretical discourse system, promoting the development of Malayan Chinese realism. This process also reflected the trajectory of the evolving revolutionary concepts: from the diverse imaginations of the Malayan revolution to the revolutionary practice of the Anti-Yellow Movement, and eventually to the exile of revolution, entering a post-revolutionary atmosphere. These three literary trends responded to the political demands of various periods, achieving an intertwining interaction between literature and politics. This study extensively explores historical materials from the leftist cultural front in Malaysia and Singapore over the twenty years following World War II, collecting and organizing original documents closely related to these three trends, including literary theories and editorials. Based on this foundation and integrating multiple perspectives such as discourse analysis, cultural political theory, cultural Cold War perspectives, and postcolonial studies, this research examines and reveals the arduous exploration and transformation of the Malayan Chinese left in a complex historical context.