Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/181884
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dc.contributor.authorNg, Woon Lamen_US
dc.contributor.authorHu, Huanlongen_US
dc.contributor.authorZhuang, Zeyanen_US
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-06T03:00:19Z-
dc.date.available2025-01-06T03:00:19Z-
dc.date.issued2024-
dc.identifier.citationNg, W. L., Hu, H. & Zhuang, Z. (2024). Foxing of watercolor paper and environmental control as preventive actions. ChemPlusChem. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202400647en_US
dc.identifier.issn2192-6506en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10356/181884-
dc.description.abstractIn Singapore's hot and humid climate, watercolor papers are particularly prone to a paper oxidation issue known as foxing, which refers to the discoloration forming yellowish-brown stains on paper, changing the visual outcome of the watercolor artworks. This research investigates two most popular types of watercolor paper, made from 100% cotton and cotton-wood-pulp mixture. Foxing was generally categorized into two types: biotic and abiotic foxing caused by fungi activities and the presence of metallic contaminants catalytic fungi growth. However, recent hypotheses further relate it to heterogeneous cellulose structures. Watercolor paper is typically produced in a well-controlled environment, which should theoretically reduce the occurrence of foxing, catalyzed by metallic contaminants. The research involved a comprehensive analysis of aged samples, from old watercolors, dating back to the 1990s and fresh watercolor paper samples. focusing on understanding the origin and causes of watercolor paper foxing based on cellulose content & structures. By comparing 100% cotton and cotton wood-pulp blended watercolor paper, the susceptivity of foxing was hinted to be related to cellulose packing density. These findings will support further research in developing strategies for the conservation and storage of watercolor artworks.en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipNanyang Technological Universityen_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.relation#021456-00001en_US
dc.relation.ispartofChemPlusChemen_US
dc.rights© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH, Weinheim. All rights reserved. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the copyright holder. The Version of Record is available online at http://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202400647 .en_US
dc.subjectArts and Humanitiesen_US
dc.subjectChemistryen_US
dc.titleFoxing of watercolor paper and environmental control as preventive actionsen_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen
dc.contributor.schoolSchool of Art, Design and Mediaen_US
dc.contributor.schoolSchool of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologyen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/cplu.202400647-
dc.description.versionSubmitted/Accepted versionen_US
dc.subject.keywordsFoxingen_US
dc.subject.keywordsWatercoloren_US
dc.subject.keywordsPaperen_US
dc.subject.keywordsBioticen_US
dc.subject.keywordsFungien_US
dc.description.acknowledgementThe authors gratefully acknowledge support from the Nanyang Technological University for funding the project and providing chemical and biological lab access. Funding: This work was supported by Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [grant number #021456-00001]en_US
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