Can multilateralism constrain power politics? A comparative study of BRICS and the Quad

Abstract

This research focuses on the inquiry of whether multilateralism can constrain power politics, conducting a comparative analysis of BRICS and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). In the context of the global power transition, BRICS, with its increasing members and influence in the economic and political fields, is a strong coalition for the development of emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs), as well as the rise of the Global South. The Quad, led by the US, aims to reshape the Indo-Pacific order and contain China’s rise, which is seen as an adversary by the leading power. By reviewing the background of power-shifting and multilateral institutions, this study applies the theories of Kyle Lascurettes and Robert W. Cox to demonstrate that the Quad reflects a top-down, exclusionary form of multilateralism for the balance of power guided by dominant actors in international politics, while BRICS represents a bottom-up, inclusive and autonomous multilateralism to change the existing unbalanced Western-centric world structure. The former reveals the traditional logic of zero-sum great power competition, in which smaller and less powerful states also need to pay the price. The latter is more effective and significant in limiting power politics, as it better promotes cooperation, advocates a more just world order through multilateral interaction, and concentrates on global governance. However, self-restraint by leading countries is crucial for a sustainable multilateral reform towards equality and fairness.