How the attitude of commuters affects the effectiveness of natural surveillance in MRT stations.

Abstract

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) had gained much acceptance globally since its establishment as an alternative method to formal policing. This popularity is reflected in the several success stories achieved by CPTED. The method had improved security, according to the International CPTED Association (ICA). CPTED was first introduced by C. Ray Jeffery who wrote the book "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design", published in 1971. The book prompted further research into the study of crime, informed by the science of ecology and a call for interdisciplinary research. When a CPTED model is prompted by the basis of science of ecology, it would include biological ecology, social ecology, urban geography, psychological learning theory, urban planning, and criminology. Jeffery's CPTED is based upon the Individual-Brain Environmental model where the brain establishes the behavioural consequences of the individual whilst interacting with the physical environment.