Necking and fracking may explain stationary seismicity and full degassing in volcanic silicic spine extrusion

Abstract

Volcanic seismicity during silicic spine eruptions often involves recurrent excitation of similar sources at stationary depth just beneath the crater. The mechanics of volcanic spine extrusion may be compared to those of high-temperature, industrial metal working. We thus use slip-line field theory to assess stress, strain and faulting in ascending magma, which, although hot, behaves as a solid. Earthquake fault-plane solutions during the 09/2004–08/2005 eruptions of Mount St. Helens are generally consistent with shrinking of magma rising across a conduit “bottle-neck”. Among 215 fault plane solutions, thrust and vertical fault planes prevail, with fewer normal or strike-slip faults. Constriction across the neck and vertical shear along the conduit walls thus predominate. Dynamic Discrete Element Modeling reproduces repetitive nucleation and growth of thrust faults within such a neck. The pressure drop across the neck's core (secondary tension) boosts crack opening and hence gas extraction. Such natural “fracking” could promote full magma degassing, contributing to the typically low explosivity of silicic spine extrusion.