Biosensing with the singular phase of an ultrathin metal-dielectric nanophotonic cavity

Abstract

The concept of point of darkness has received much attention for biosensing based on phase-sensitive detection and perfect absorption of light. The maximum phase change is possible at the point of darkness where the reflection is almost zero. To date, this has been experimentally realized using different material systems through the concept of topological darkness. However, complex nanopatterning techniques are required to realize topological darkness. Here, we report an approach to realize perfect absorption and extreme phase singularity using a simple metal-dielectric multilayer thin-film stack. The multilayer stack works on the principle of an asymmetric Fabry–Perot cavity and shows an abrupt phase change at the reflectionless point due to the presence of a highly absorbing ultrathin film of germanium in the stack. In the proof-of-concept phase-sensitive biosensing experiments, we functionalize the film surface with an ultrathin layer of biotin-thiol to capture streptavidin at a low concentration of 1 pM.